Commentary: Serving the nation, serving the people: echoes of war in the early NHS.

It is something of a cliché to speak of Britain as having been transformed by the traumas of World War II and by its aftermath. From the advent of the 'cradle to grave' Welfare State to the end of (formal) empire, the effects of total war were enduring. Typically, they have been explored in relation to demographic, socioeconomic, technological and geopolitical trends and events. Yet as the articles in this volume observe across a variety of examples, World War II affected individuals, groups and communities in ways both intimate and immediate. For them, its effects were directly embodied That is, they were experienced physically and emotionally-in physical and mental wounds, in ruptured domesticities and new opportunities and in the wholesale disruption and re-formation of communities displaced by bombing and reconstruction. So it is, perhaps, unsurprising that Britain's post-war National Health Service, as the state institution charged with managing the bodies and behaviour of the British people, was itself permeated by a 'wartime spirit' long after the cessation of international hostilities.

'[Her] hostess is anxious to have her back when she is cured': The impact of the evacuation of children on wartime local services, England, 1939-1945.

World War II had a profound, but uneven, impact on the delivery of services designed to support the bodies and minds of English children. This article, which is based on a study of a rural local authority located in North-West England, explores the influence of World War II on children's welfare services. Drawing on detailed case files relating to individual children and reports published by local and national policy makers, the article advances three related arguments which together nuance existing understandings of the conflict and its longer-term consequences. First, the article argues that many of the problems associated with evacuees were already familiar to medical and social work professionals. This awareness has important consequences for how we conceptualise the wartime proposals that attracted policy makers' attention. Second, the article shows that the arrival of evacuees into reception areas initially resulted in an expansion of children's services. A fuller understanding of Britain's welfare state, however, must acknowledge that local authorities continued to wield significant influence over the delivery of specialist services once the conflict ended. As a result, the priorities of local officials could lead to the needs of looked after children being overlooked despite wartime improvements to children's services. Finally, the article argues that amidst the totality of World War II, the British state remained unwilling to intrude on the rights of parents to influence the care of their children. Closer examination of the implementation of evacuation and the experiences of individuals reveals that important tensions existed between the state appointed experts and the civilians they were tasked with supporting.

'Between-time stories': waiting, war and the temporalities of care.

This article analyses how World War II shifted and contained embodied experiences of waiting in relation to broader ideas of lived time in modernity. The trench warfare of World War I has often been imagined as a limit experience of anxious waiting, but World War II produced compelling accounts of experiences of suspended time in civilian populations exposed to the threat and anticipation of 'total war'. This article analyses representations of this suspended present drawn from Elizabeth Bowen and Virginia Woolf, alongside materials in the Mass Observation Archive, to develop an account of how exposure to a future shaped by the potential of annihilation from the air reshaped experiences of durational temporality and the timescapes of modernity in the London Blitz. It also explores the relationship between anxiety, waiting, and care by attending to psychoanalytic theories that developed in the wartime work of Wilfred Bion and Melanie Klein. Extending Freud's account of anxiety as producing 'yet time', this article describes how and why both literary and psychoanalytic texts came to understand waiting and thinking with others as creating the conditions for taking care of the future.

Ciencia en el Madrid del "no pasarán". La protección de las colecciones de Historia Natural y el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Naturales durante la Guerra Civil / Science in No Pasarán Madrid. The protection of the collections of Natural History and the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Naturales during the Civil War (1936-1939)

Los edificios culturales y científicos de Madrid se vieron muy perjudicados por la guerra civil española (1936-1939). Madrid fue una ciudad asediada y bombardeada por los sublevados. En la capital se encontraban los más importantes museos, la Biblioteca Nacional y las principales instituciones científicas y de humanidades, en donde trabajaban los más relevantes investigadores de la época. A comienzos de la guerra tuvo lugar la incautación de bibliotecas y colecciones de ciencias naturales en palacios y edificios pertenecientes a aristócratas, financieros, personas contrarias a la República y colegios de religiosos. Los naturalistas del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Naturales organizaron la conservación y protección de las colecciones biológicas, mientras que bombas y obuses impactaban en las instituciones científicas de la zona republicana

The cultural and scientific buildings of Madrid were severely damaged by the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Madrid was a city besieged and bombed by the rebels. In the capital were the most important museums, the National Library and the main scientific and humanities institutions, where the most important researchers of the time worked. At the beginning of the war the confiscation of libraries and collections of natural sciences took place in palaces and buildings belonging to aristocrats, financiers, people opposed to the Republic and religious schools. The naturalists of the National Institute of Natural Sciences organized the conservation and protection of the biological collections, while bombs and howitzers fell on the scientific institutions of the republican zone

Asistencia sanitaria y salud pública en Talavera de la Reina durante la Guerra Civil (1936-1939) / Health Care and Public Health in Talavera de la Reina during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

El presente trabajo pretende analizar de forma integrada los efectos de la guerra civil española sobre la población y los servicios sanitarios de Talavera de la Reina, ciudad clave en el desarrollo de la contienda debido a su ubicación geográfica entre Andalucía occidental, Extremadura y Madrid. Para ello, se ha trabajado con documentación del Archivo Municipal de Talavera de la Reina, del Archivo del Centro Secundario de Higiene Rural de Talavera de la Reina, del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Toledo y del Archivo General Militar de Ávila. En primer lugar, se presenta el grupo de cinco hospitales militares que funcionaron en la ciudad, su organización y actividad, reconstruida a partir de los diferentes modelos de fichas utilizadas. La actividad preventiva se analiza desde dos puntos de vista, las órdenes emanadas de la autoridad militar, centradas en la higiene, alimentación y prevención de enfermedades infecciosas, y las actuaciones llevadas a cabo por las autoridades locales, centradas en asegurar un correcto abastecimiento de agua y recogida de residuos. Además, se expone la situación insalubre de las prisiones de la ciudad, siendo un claro ejemplo del estado sanitario del momento

This work aims to comprehensively analyse the effects of the Spanish civil war on the population and the sanitary services of Talavera de la Reina, a key city in the development of the contest due to its geographic location between Andalusia Western, Extremadura and Madrid. To this end, he has worked with documentation of the Municipal Archives of Talavera de la Reina, the archive of the secondary Centre of Rural hygiene in Talavera de la Reina, the Provincial historical archive of Toledo and the military general archive of Ávila. First, appears the Group of five military hospitals that operated in the city, its organization and activity, reconstructed from different models used chips. Preventive activity is analysed from two points of view, the orders emanating from the military authority, with a focus on hygiene, food and prevention of infectious diseases, and the actions carried out by the local authorities, centred ensure a proper water supply and waste collection. In addition, exposed the unhealthy situation in prisons in the city, is a clear example of the State of the health of the moment

Learning to Work with Trauma Survivors: Lessons from Tbilisi, Georgia.

Survivors of armed conflict may experience traumatic stress, psychological symptoms, distress, or other behavioral health issues related to the disaster of war. This article outlines the historical background of the Russian-Georgian war, details the implementation of social work in the developing country of Georgia, and describes the training and application of social work knowledge and values using macro and micro examples of interventions that provide Masters of social work students and social workers with tools to address the needs of refugees affected by disaster. Following the macro- and microexamples, pedagogy and implications for social workers and social work students working with victims of trauma with few available resources are discussed.

Memórias da guerrilha: construção e transformação / Guerrilla's memories: construction and transformation

Neste artigo discutimos a reconstrução do passado a partir de relato de um ex-guerrilheiro urbano que lutou contra a ditadura militar brasileira, através da concepção da memória como construção e ação social. Para tanto, entrevistamos o ex-guerrilheiro de codinome Jamil Rodrigues, conhecido por ter elaborado as "Teses do Jamil", documento da Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária - VPR, reconhecido como a expressão máxima da estratégia militarista nas práticas da esquerda armada brasileira. Constatamos que houve um processo de transformação; Jamil faz uma interpretação bastante diferenciada de suas antigas teses, em que atenua os aspectos militaristas da luta armada. A sua memória é interessada: seleciona e intensifica as passagens que convergem com seu posicionamento político presente. Concluímos que a construção da memória aparece como produção do novo e está agenciada pelo presente, adotando uma plasticidade contingente ao lugar social que se ocupa na atualidade.

In this article we discuss the reconstruction of the past from report of a former-guerrilla fighter who fought against the Brazilian military dictatorship, through the perspective of the memory as construction and social action. We interviewed the former-guerrilla fighter nicknamed Jamil Rodrigues, known for writing the "Jamil's thesis", document of Revolutionary Popular Vanguard, recognized as the maxim expression of militarist strategy in the practices of the Brazilian armed left. We noted a transformation's process; Jamil does a quite differentiated interpretation of his ancient thesis, reducing the militarist aspects of armed struggle. His memory is interested and it selects and intensifies the passages that converge with his present political position. We conclude that the construction of memory appears as production of the new and is assembled by the present, adopting a contingent plasticity to the social place that is occupied in the present.